Tariff Wars and Production Shifts: When Substantial Transformation Fails the Economic Justification Test - Global Trade and Customs Journal View Tariff Wars and Production Shifts: When Substantial Transformation Fails the Economic Justification Test by - Global Trade and Customs Journal Tariff Wars and Production Shifts: When Substantial Transformation Fails the Economic Justification Test 20 7/8

As the United States impose protectionist measures, the European Union (EU) is expected to respond with strict countermeasures designed to shield its industries and reinforce trade regulations. Drawing from past precedents – such as the Harley-Davidson case, where the EU targeted companies attempting to circumvent tariffs through supply chain restructuring – Brussels is likely to scrutinize and penalize business strategies aimed at mitigating the financial impact of these new trade barriers.

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