On 30 March 2023, the International Court of Justice awarded Iran a partial victory in its Judgement on merits in Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America). The icj ordered the United States to pay compensation to Iranian companies after ruling that Washington had allowed U.S. courts to illegally freeze their assets. However, the Court declined its jurisdiction over usd 1.75 billion in frozen assets from Bank Markazi, Iran’s central bank, held in the United States. This judgment, which is part of a series of ongoing disputes between Iran and the United States based on the same Treaty, raises questions about economic sanctions and international law that are relevant both to State- to- State and investor- State disputes.